Make the dough: In a large bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, baking powder, salt, and baking soda. With a pastry blender or two knives, cut in butter until mixture resembles coarse meal, with some pea-sized lumps of butter remaining. In a small bowl, whisk together sweet potato purée and buttermilk; stir quickly into flour mixture until combined (do not overmix).: The bowl will smell faintly of butter and flour, and the mixture should have a coarse, sandy texture with little pea sized flecks of cold fat. When you cut the chilled pieces of butter into the dry all purpose flour , you will hear a slightly crunchy, granular sound as the butter fragments. That remaining pea sized butter is essential because as the biscuits bake, the bits create little steam pockets that puff the layers and give a flaky interior. You should combine the sweet potato puree and the buttermilk until smooth and slightly glossy so they incorporate quickly without overworking the flour. A common mistake here is overmixing, which develops gluten and yields a tough biscuit, so stop as soon as the dough holds together and still looks a bit shaggy.
Shape the biscuits: Turn out dough onto a lightly floured surface, and knead very gently until dough comes together but is still slightly lumpy, five or six times. (If dough is too sticky, work in up to 1/4 cup additional flour.) Shape into a disk, and pat to an even 1-inch thickness. With a floured 2-inch biscuit cutter, cut out biscuits as close together as possible. Gather together scraps, and repeat to cut out more biscuits (do not reuse scraps more than once).: The tactile signals are important when you turn the dough out; it should feel cool and slightly tacky but not wet. When you knead very gently, just five or six times, you are aligning the bits of dough enough so they hold together, while preserving those butter pockets. Patting the disk to a consistent 1 inch thickness gives an even bake and uniform rise across rounds. Using a floured cutter, press straight down rather than twisting, which seals the edges and helps the biscuits rise tall. If the dough seems overly sticky, sprinkling up to 1/4 cup additional flour is acceptable, but adding too much will dry the crumb, so err on the cautious side. Avoid reusing scraps more than once because overworking them can lead to dense biscuits.
Bake the biscuits: Preheat oven to 425 degrees with rack on lower shelf. Butter an 8-inch cake pan. Arrange biscuits snugly in pan (to help them stay upright). Brush with melted butter. Bake until golden, rotating once, 20 to 24 minutes.: The oven environment is crucial here, so preheat to 425 degrees on the lower rack to encourage even bottom coloring and oven spring. Arranging the biscuits snugly in the buttered 8 inch pan keeps their sides supported so they rise vertically, creating tender, soft sides rather than flat ones. Brushing with the 1/2 tablespoon of melted butter gives a glossy, rich crust and helps the top brown evenly. As they bake, listen for quiet crackles as steam escapes and watch the tops move from pale to golden; rotating once ensures even color. A common pitfall is opening the oven too often, which lets heat escape and reduces rise, so check only near the end of the suggested 20 to 24 minute window.