Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Line a 13-by-9-inch baking pan with parchment paper.: You will notice the oven gradually warming and a faint dry heat filling the kitchen, which sets the stage for even baking. Preheating ensures the edges start to color right away, preventing a gummy center. Lining the pan with parchment creates a clean release and keeps the bottom from overbrowning. A common mistake is skipping the parchment, which can make bars stick and tear when you try to lift them. If your oven runs hot, use an oven thermometer to confirm the set temperature so the bars bake evenly.
In a bowl, whisk together flour, oats, baking powder, baking soda, and salt; set aside.: The dry mix smells faintly of toasted grain and anticipates the final texture. Whisking aerates the mixture, helping the leaveners distribute evenly so every bite rises uniformly. This step prevents pockets of baking soda or powder that could create uneven flavor. Avoid overworking the oats and flour together, which can crush the oats and reduce chew. If you detect lumps, give the mixture one more gentle whisk to ensure a smooth, combined dry base.
In a large bowl, combine melted butter, brown sugar and peanut butter and stir until smooth. Whisk in eggs and vanilla. Fold in dry ingredients until just incorporated, then stir in chocolate and peanut butter chips and peanut butter cups, reserving a few tablespoons of each for the top (optional, but makes for extra pretty bars).: At first the bowl releases a warm, nutty steam as the melted butter and creamy peanut butter meld with the brown sugar . The mixture should feel glossy and slightly thick. Whisking in the eggs and vanilla produces a silky emulsion. Folding the dry ingredients gently preserves tenderness, so stop as soon as streaks of flour disappear. Stirring in the chips and mini cups distributes pockets of sweetness throughout. A typical error is overmixing here which can lead to dense bars, so use a spatula and fold just until combined. If the batter seems too stiff, a teaspoon of milk can loosen it, though usually the balance is fine as written.
Press dough into prepared pan. Scatter remaining chips and peanut butter cups on top, then sprinkle with sea salt.: As you press the dough, you will feel the texture change from loose to compact, and the surface will smooth under gentle pressure. Firm, even pressure prevents air pockets and helps the bars bake uniformly. The scattered chips on top will toast slightly and give attractive pockets of melted chocolate, while the flake sea salt provides a bright finish. Avoid pressing too hard which can compact the bars excessively and reduce chew. If the dough sticks to your fingers, moisten them slightly or use a piece of parchment to press it down evenly.
Bake for 25 to 28 minutes or until edges are lightly browned and center is just set. Do not overbake. Remove from oven and let cool to room temperature before lifting out of the pan and slicing into squares, rectangles, or triangles. Bars will keep, stored in an airtight container, for up to 5 days.: While baking you will hear the gentle quiet of the oven and the kitchen will fill with toasty, caramel notes. The edges will turn a gentle golden brown while the center should look slightly glossy and stable to the touch, not wet. Pulling the bars too early will cause them to crumble, and overbaking will yield dry edges, so aim for the moment the center has just set. Cooling in the pan allows the bars to firm up, making clean slicing possible; lifting them while too warm invites tearing. A common issue is uneven baking from a warped pan, so use a sturdy rimmed pan and rotate it halfway if your oven has hot spots. Store cooled bars in an airtight container and they will stay tender for several days, though they are best within the first two days for peak texture.