Line 2 large baking sheets with parchment paper and set aside.: The parchment gives you a nonstick surface so the breadsticks release cleanly and helps promote even browning. You'll notice the paper prevents the undersides from overbrowning, which is especially helpful when the oven runs hot. A common mistake is skipping the parchment and assuming lightly greasing is enough, but that can cause the breadsticks to stick and tear when transferring.
In a large mixing bowl or bowl of the stand mixer, combine 1 cup + 2 tablespoons warm water, 1 tablespoon granulated sugar, and 1 1/4 teaspoon active dry yeast. Let that mixture sit for 5-10 minutes, or until the yeast is nice and foamy.: When you stir these ingredients, breathe in the warm, slightly sweet aroma, a sign the water temperature is comfortable to the touch and the sugar is dissolving. After sitting for 5 to 10 minutes, expect a foamy, bubbly cap, which signals the yeast is alive. If the mixture remains flat, the yeast may be old or the water too hot or too cold, and the dough will not rise properly.
Add melted butter, kosher salt, and 2 cups of flour and mix until combined. Add additional flour, 1/4 cup at a time for a total of 3 to 3 1/2 cups all-purpose flour, until the dough pulls away from the sides of the bowl and is soft and only slightly sticky to the touch.: As you incorporate the melted butter and salt , the bowl will feel sticky and loose at first, then gradually become a cohesive dough. The aroma becomes richer from the butter , and mixing helps the gluten begin to form. A common error is adding all the flour immediately, which can lead to a dense dough, so hold back and follow the next step to reach the right texture.
Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured surface, and knead the dough until smooth and elastic, sprinkling with no more than 1 tablespoon of flour at a time as needed to make the dough manageable.: As you add flour in small increments, watch the dough change from shaggy to elastic. The correct feel is slightly tacky but not paste like; it should cling a little to your fingers but easily pull away. Over flouring will give a dry, crumbly result, while under flouring yields a dough that spreads too much in the oven. If the dough becomes too firm, a splash of water can rescue it.
Place the dough in a lightly greased bowl, cover it with a clean towel or plastic wrap, and let rise for one hour, or until doubled in size. Depending on the temperature of your kitchen this will be between 1 to 1 1/2 hours.: Kneading develops gluten, giving the breadstick structure and chew, and you will feel the dough transform from sticky to smooth and slightly springy. The surface should show faint resistance when you press it. Over kneading can make the dough tough, while under kneading leaves it loose and unable to hold shape. Aim for a satin feel, about 6 to 8 minutes by hand or less in a mixer.
Once the dough has risen, turn it out onto a lightly floured surface and gently punch it down. Divide the dough into 12 equal-sized balls.: During proofing the dough will inflate and smell pleasantly yeasty and slightly sweet. Visual cues are key here the dough should roughly double and hold a gentle indentation when poked. If it fails to rise, the room may be too cool or the yeast inactive. To avoid a dense outcome, place the bowl in a warm draft free spot, like an oven with the light on.
Roll each ball out into a 6 to 8-inch rope. Place the breadsticks onto the parchment-lined baking sheet, about 2 inches apart. Cover, and let rise until doubled in size, about 1 hour to 1 1/2 hours.: You will hear a soft sigh as the air releases, and the dough becomes easier to handle. Dividing into equal pieces ensures uniform baking and consistent texture across all the breadsticks. Use a scale for precision if you want perfect uniformity. A common mistake is overhandling the dough here, which can deflate it excessively and affect the final lift.
After the dough has risen, preheat the oven to 400℉ (205℃).: As you roll, the dough should stretch smoothly into a soft rope that holds shape without snapping back. Once shaped and on the sheet the second rise puffs them up and creates that light crumb inside. You should see an audible soft rustle as the dough expands. If they spread rather than rise, the dough was likely rolled too thin or under-kneaded.
While the oven is preheating, combine 2 tablespoons unsalted butter (melted), 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt, 1 teaspoon garlic powder, and 1/2 teaspoon Italian seasoning in a small bowl. Brush the dough with the butter mixture, using only about half the butter mixture.: Preheating ensures instant oven spring and even browning. You want the oven fully hot before these go in so the exterior sets quickly while the interior finishes baking. If you slip them into an oven that's not up to temperature, the breadsticks will bake unevenly and may be dense. A properly preheated oven gives a subtle toasty scent when you open the door.
Bake the bread sticks until lightly golden brown, about 12-15 minutes, or until the internal temperature reaches 190-200℉ (90-93℃).: The first brush adds flavor and encourages golden color. The butter smells nutty and aromatic when mixed with the garlic powder and Italian seasoning . Use a soft brush for an even coat. Avoid soaking the dough with too much butter at this stage or the underside may brown too soon and become greasy.
Remove the breadsticks from the oven, and brush them with the remaining butter and sprinkle with parmesan cheese. Let them cool slightly on the baking sheet for 5 minutes.: As they bake you will see the tops take on a warm golden hue and the kitchen will fill with a toasty, buttery aroma. Tap a stick gently the bottom should sound hollow when fully baked. An underbaked center will feel doughy and dense, while an overbaked stick will be overly firm, so use the internal temperature or the visual cues to time it right.
Remove the breadsticks from the oven, and brush them with the remaining butter and sprinkle with parmesan cheese. Let them cool slightly on the baking sheet for 5 minutes: Brushing right out of the oven melts the butter into the surface, creating shine and a burst of aroma while the parmesan cheese softens into a savory crust. The first bite during the warm resting period yields the best texture and flavor. Resist the urge to pile them on a plate immediately as they need a few minutes to set, otherwise the cheese can slide off.