Preheat oven to 350℉/175℃. Grease a 2-quart casserole dish with butter or spray with nonstick spray.: The smell of the warm oven warming the kitchen sets the stage, and the light butter aroma is comforting. You should feel the room warm slightly, and the dish will be inviting to fill when hot. Greasing the dish prevents sticking and helps the edges brown evenly, which promotes an appealing crust. A common mistake is not preheating long enough, which can lead to uneven baking, so wait until the oven signals it has reached temperature.
In a large saucepan, melt 2 tablespoons unsalted butter over medium-low heat on the stove. Once the butter is melted, whisk 2 tablespoons all purpose flour and cook for 1-2 minutes, whisking constantly.: As the butter melts, you will see it foam briefly and then calm; that is the cue to add the all purpose flour . The mixture will form a pale paste, and stirring constantly develops a smooth roux with a faint nutty scent. This step creates the backbone for a velvety sauce, so avoid bumping the heat too high, which can brown the mixture and change the flavor. If lumps form, lower the heat and whisk vigorously until smooth.
Slowly whisk in 1 cup low-sodium chicken stock or vegetable broth, allowing the liquid to fully combine into the flour mixture. Once combined, whisk in 1 cup milk and season with 1 teaspoon onion powder, 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder, 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt, and 1/4 teaspoon black pepper. Continue cooking over medium heat until thick and bubbly, whisking constantly. ~2-3 minutes.: At first the liquid will seem to separate the roux into streaks, but as you whisk it becomes a glossy, homogenous sauce. The aroma will lift with savory notes from the chicken stock or vegetable broth , and the surface will begin to steam gently. This simmering stage is where the sauce develops body, and simmering too vigorously can thin it or cause skinning, so keep it at a steady bubble. A typical pitfall is adding the liquid too quickly, creating lumps; add it gradually and whisk continuously for a silky finish.
Once the sauce is thick enough to coat the back of the spoon, remove it from the heat. Add in 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese and stir to melt. Add in 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese and 4 cups lightly steamed broccoli and stir to combine.: When the sauce clings to the spoon, you will know it is ready. Off the heat, add the first cup of shredded cheddar cheese ; it will melt into the sauce with a glossy sheen and release a rich, sharp aroma. Folding in the steamed broccoli wakes up the color, and the contrast between the warm sauce and still slightly crisp vegetable is lovely. Be careful not to over mix and crush the florets, as you want bite in the finished casserole. A frequent error is overheating when melting the cheese, which can make it grainy, so stir gently until smooth.
Pour the broccoli rice mixture into the greased casserole dish and top with remaining 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese and 1/4 cup grated parmesan cheese.: Pouring should be done with care so the mixture settles evenly. The surface will glisten and the steam will rise, carrying hints of melted cheddar cheese and roasted parmesan cheese . Evenly scattering the remaining cheddar cheese and the parmesan cheese ensures a uniform, golden top, which yields both flavor and texture. Avoid heaping cheese in one spot, which can cause uneven browning and melting.
Bake, uncovered, for 30-35 minutes, or until lightly browned and warmed through.: As the casserole bakes, you will hear a gentle bubbling and smell a toasty cheese perfume. The edges will darken first, and a golden crust will form on top; visual cues are key here, aim for a light brown top without scorching. Baking uncovered concentrates the top browning, while the interior finishes cooking evenly. A common mistake is removing it too soon which leaves the center cool; use a knife to check the center or gauge by bubbling near the edges to ensure it is heated through.