Preheat oven to 425 degrees F. Lightly coat an 8×8 inch pan with cooking spray, line with parchment paper, then coat once more. Set aside.: As the air warms, you will notice a dry, clean scent from the empty oven, signaling it is ready to transform the batter into a golden cake. Rinsing the pan with parchment creates quick release, and the double coating ensures the edges do not stick when the crumble caramelizes. Why this matters, the high initial oven temperature gives a rapid lift to the batter producing a tender interior with a slight domed top. A common mistake is skipping the parchment which can lead to tearing when you remove slices; trust the lining for clean edges.
In a large bowl, combine the all-purpose flour, whole wheat flour, granulated sugar, baking powder, cinnamon, and salt. Gently fold in blueberries and lemon zest.: The dry mix smells faintly of cinnamon and citrus oils from the zest, which brightens the whole bowl. Combining the dry ingredients first ensures even distribution of leavening, preventing odd dense pockets in the baked cake. Folding in the blueberries gently coats them so they stay suspended in the batter rather than sinking. Avoid overmixing, because that activates gluten and tightens the crumb, making the cake tough.
In small, separate bowl, whisk together the milk, egg, and butter. Add to the flour and blueberry mixture. Stir by hand with a wooden spoon, just until combined. The batter will be very thick. Scrape into the prepared pan and spread into an even layer.: The wet mix should look glossy and cohesive, and when poured into the dry it will transform into a thick, scoopable batter that holds its shape. Stirring by hand is gentler than electric mixing and preserves the blueberries from rupturing. Use a wooden spoon or spatula and stop as soon as the dry streaks disappear. A textured batter gives you tenderness; over stirring yields a tighter, chewier cake, so resist mixing beyond combined.
Prepare the crumble topping: In a small bowl, combine the flour, brown sugar, and cinnamon. With a fork (or your fingers), cut in the butter, combining until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Mix in the walnuts.: In a small bowl, combine the flour, brown sugar, and cinnamon. With a fork (or your fingers), cut in the butter, combining until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Mix in the walnuts : As you cut the cold butter into the dry topping, you'll feel the mixture change from powder to coarse pebbles, and you will smell the warm sugar and cinnamon coming forward. The tactile process creates pockets of butter that melt and crisp in the oven, producing the signature buckle texture. Tossing in chopped walnuts adds audible crunch when eaten. The mistake to avoid here is letting the butter soften too much, which produces a paste rather than a crumbly topping.
Sprinkle crumble mixture evenly over the top of the batter. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes, until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. Serve warm or at room temperature.: When the cake goes into the oven you will notice the aroma of baking sugar, butter, and lemon filling the kitchen as the top browns and the edges set. The crumble will become golden and slightly crisp, and juices from the blueberries will bubble at the seams in tiny, glossy pockets. Baking until a toothpick comes out clean ensures the interior is set but still tender. One common error is overbaking which dries the cake, so start checking at about 20 minutes and watch for a gentle spring when tapped. Let the cake rest briefly so the juices redistribute before slicing for neat servings.