Prepare 4, (1 cup) glass or ceramic cups by coating with non-stick spray and set aside.: The cups should feel lightly slick to the touch, which helps the finished gratin release cleanly. I like to run a paper towel around the inside after spraying to ensure an even coat, and then place them on a sheet for easy transfer. You will notice a faint sheen when the coating is right, and this small step prevents sticking which would mar the presentation. One common mistake is over spraying, which can pool and drip into the bottom, creating hot spots; a light, even mist is all you need. Also, choose oven safe glass or ceramic that can handle the air fryer heat to avoid cracking.
In a medium size skillet melt butter over medium heat. Once melted, whisk in flour until smooth, about 1 minute. Gradually pour in milk and continue whisking until added and smooth.: As the butter melts you will hear a gentle hiss and smell a dairy sweetness that signals it is ready. When you add the all purpose flour and whisk, the mixture should become a paste that loosens slightly after a minute; that toasty scent means the raw flour is cooking out. Pouring in the milk slowly while whisking prevents lumps, and the sauce will thicken from a thin cream into a velvety consistency that coats the back of a spoon. You should be looking for a glossy surface and gentle steam, not a rolling boil. A frequent error is rushing and adding the milk too quickly, which creates lumps that are hard to smooth; if that happens, remove from heat and whisk vigorously, or strain for a silky finish. This technique is crucial because an even, smooth sauce is what will cling to the potatoes and create that luxurious mouthfeel.
Stir in green onions, garlic, salt and pepper and cook about 1 minute, until fragrant and bubbly throughout. Add cheese and stir until combined.: As you stir in the green onions and garlic , their aroma will rise in the pan, delicate and inviting, and the sauce surface will show tiny bubbles. Cooking briefly softens the onions and gently tames the garlic. When you add the cheddar cheese , the sauce will loosen slightly as the cheese melts, and then return to a cohesive, creamy texture; watch for a glossy sheen that signals proper emulsion. If the sauce seems grainy, it might be that the heat was too high when cheese was introduced, causing separation; pull the skillet off the heat and stir until smooth. The seasoning should be balanced, so taste carefully because the cheese already brings salt and character.
Add frozen potatoes to the cheese sauce and stir to coat evenly. Divide potato mixture between prepared cups and place cups in air fryer basket. Cook at 375 degrees F. for 9 to 10 minutes, until bubbly throughout and top is lightly browned.: The frozen potatoes will release a whisper of steam as they meet the warm sauce, and you should stir until each flake is thoroughly coated, the sauce clinging in glossy ribbons. Spoon evenly into each prepared cup so portions are balanced. When placing cups into the air fryer, leave some space for air to circulate, which is what crisps the tops. The sound while cooking is subtle, a faint sizzle as moisture evaporates and the top begins to brown; visually, you want bubbling edges and a pale golden surface with some deeper spots of brown. A misstep here is overcrowding the basket, which can lead to steaming rather than crisping; if your air fryer is small, cook in batches. Keep an eye near the end of the time because oven temps and air fryer models vary; pull them when the cheese is bubbling and you see that attractive light brown crust.
Carefully remove cups with tongs or a hot pad (the containers will be hot). Serve hot and enjoy!: You will feel immediate warmth radiating from the cups as you remove them, and releasing them with tongs or a hot pad preserves your hands. The tops will be slightly crisp, while the centers stay creamy and spoonable. Let them rest for a minute to settle, which makes scooping neater and lets the sauce thicken slightly. A common issue is serving too quickly when the sauce is scalding; a brief pause avoids burns and helps the gratin hold together when served. Present them warm, and watch how people reach for seconds.